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          LV01-09-C语言-回调函数
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              <table>    <tr>        <td align="center" width=150px>Windows</td>        <td align="left">windows11</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center">Ubuntu</td>        <td align="left">Ubuntu16.04的64位版本</td>      </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center">VMware® Workstation 16 Pro</td>        <td align="left">16.2.3 build-19376536</td>      </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center">SecureCRT</td>        <td align="left">Version 8.7.2 (x64 build 2214)   -   正式版-2020年5月14日</td>      </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center">开发板</td>        <td align="left">正点原子 i.MX6ULL Linux阿尔法开发板</td>      </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center">uboot</td>        <td align="left">NXP官方提供的uboot，NXP提供的版本为uboot-imx-rel_imx_4.1.15_2.1.0_ga(使用的uboot版本为U-Boot 2016.03)</td>      </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center">linux内核</td>        <td align="left">linux-4.15(NXP官方提供)</td>      </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center">STM32开发板</td>        <td align="left">正点原子战舰V3(STM32F103ZET6)</td>      </tr></table>
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              <table>    <tr><td align="center">参考方向  </td><td align="center">参考原文</td></tr>    <tr><td align="center" width=150px>回调函数</td><td align="left"><a href="https://www.cnblogs.com/jontian/p/5619641.html" target="_blank">C语言中的回调函数（Callback Function）<i class="fa fa-external-link-alt"></i> </a></td></tr>    <tr><td align="center" width=150px>回调函数</td><td align="left"><a href="https://zh.m.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E5%9B%9E%E8%B0%83%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" target="_blank">维基百科——回调函数<i class="fa fa-external-link-alt"></i> </a></td></tr></table>
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<h1 id="1-什么是回调函数？"><a href="#1-什么是回调函数？" class="headerlink" title="1.什么是回调函数？"></a><font size=3>1.什么是回调函数？</font></h1><p><strong>回调函数</strong>就是一个通过函数指针调用的函数。其实就是我们自己定义一个函数，自己实现了相应的函数功能，然后把这个函数（入口地址）作为参数传入其他使用者（或系统）的函数中，由其他使用者（或系统）的函数在运行时来调用的函数。函数是我们自己实现的，但由其他使用者（或系统）的函数在运行时通过<strong>参数传递的方式调用</strong>，这就是所谓的回调函数。</p>
<p>在维基百科中，它是这样定义的：在计算机程序设计中，回调函数，或简称回调（ Callback  即 call then back  被主函数调用运算后会返回主函数），是指通过参数将函式传递到其它代码的，某一块可执行代码的引用。这一设计允许了底层代码调用在高层定义的子程序。</p>
<p>好像还是不怎么理解，后来在 Stack Overflow 看到了某位大神简洁明了的表述： A “callback” is any function that is called by another function which takes the first function as a parameter 。 意思大概就是，函数  F1  调用函数  F2  的时候，函数  F1  通过参数给 函数  F2  传递了另外一个函数  F3  的指针，在函数  F2  执行的过程中，函数 F2  调用了函数  F3 ，这个动作就叫做回调（ Callback ），而先被当做指针传入、后面又被回调的函数  F3  就是回调函数。</p>
<p>需要注意的是回调函数并不是 C 语言特有的，几乎任何语言都有回调函数。在 C 语言中，我们通过使用<strong>函数指针来实现回调函数</strong>。</p>
<h1 id="2-为什么使用回调函数？"><a href="#2-为什么使用回调函数？" class="headerlink" title="2.为什么使用回调函数？"></a><font size=3>2.为什么使用回调函数？</font></h1><p>&emsp;为什么不像普通函数调用那样，在回调的地方直接写函数的名字？这样不可以吗？我们在网上会看到解析回调函数的很多例子，其实完全可以用普通函数调用来实现的。那回调函数究竟有什么优点，能够让我们写程序的时候选择这种函数呢？它的优点就是可以<strong>解耦</strong>，它是一种去耦合的技巧，解耦又是什么意思？我们先来看一张图，这张图来自于维基百科：</p>
<img data-src="https://fanhua-picture.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/01%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5%E5%BC%8F%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91/01HQ%E8%AF%BE%E7%A8%8B%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB/LV01-C%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/LV01-09-C%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80-%E5%9B%9E%E8%B0%83%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0/img/2560px-Callback-notitle.svg.png" alt="回调通常与原始调用者处于相同的抽象层" style="zoom:33%;" />

<p>为了便于理解，我们写一个例子：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span><span class="string">&lt;stdio.h&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span><span class="string">&lt;softwareLib.h&gt;</span> <span class="comment">/* 包含 Library Function 声明所在 Software library 库的头文件 */</span></span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* 回调函数 Callback Function */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title function_">Callback</span><span class="params">()</span> </span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// TODO</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* 主函数 Main program */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title function_">main</span><span class="params">()</span> </span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// TODO</span></span><br><span class="line">    Library(Callback);</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// TODO</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>从表面上看，回调似乎只是函数间的调用，和普通函数调用没什么太大的区别。但是，仔细看，我们会发现在回调中，主程序<strong>把回调函数像参数一样传入库函数</strong>。这样有什么好处？<strong>只要我们改变传进库函数的参数，就可以根据传入的参数实现不同的功能</strong>，这样是很灵活的，而且不需要修改库函数的实现，这就是<strong>解耦</strong>。</p>
<p>另外，主函数和回调函数是在同一层的，而库函数在另外一层，这是什么意思？如果库函数对我们不可见，也就是我们无法看到库函数的实现的话，我们也修改不了库函数的实现，所以也就无法通过修改库函数，让库函数调用普通函数那样实现，那我们想要通过这个库函数执行不同的函数吗，实现不同的功能，但是我们又无法修改库函数，这怎么办？如此这般，那我们就只能通过传入不同的回调函数了。</p>
<h1 id="3-回调函数实现机制"><a href="#3-回调函数实现机制" class="headerlink" title="3.回调函数实现机制"></a><font size=3>3.回调函数实现机制</font></h1><ul>
<li>（1）定义一个回调函数，并声明；</li>
</ul>
<p>这与我们平时定义函数的方式没有什么不同之处，因为回调函数也是一个函数而已，只不过它并不是直接被主程序调用，而是通过一个函数指针来实现该函数的调用。</p>
<ul>
<li>（2）定义实现回调函数的”调用函数”</li>
</ul>
<p>当我们定义了回调函数的时候，肯定还需要一个函数指针指向这个回调函数才行，一般这个函数指针会存在于另一个函数的形参列表中，这个所谓的另一个函数就是实现回调函数的调用函数，一般格式如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&lt;数据类型&gt; &lt;函数名称&gt;(&lt;形参列表&gt;)</span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    语句块;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>其中的数据类型、函数名称和形参列表与普通函数定义是一样，只是形参列表稍有不同，形参列表中需要有一个函数指针，用于指向一个回调函数（经过后边的学习，这里可以直接是一个函数指针，若传入的形参是结构体，那这个函数指针也可以存在于形参结构体的某个成员中，例如后边学到的 sigaction 函数）。</p>
<ul>
<li>（3）当特定的事件或者条件发生的时候，调用者使用函数指针调用回调函数对事件进行处理。</li>
</ul>
<p>这一般是在需要调用回调函数实现功能的时候，就会调用一个带有函数函数指针参数的函数，通过该函数去调用回调函数。</p>
<details class="folding-tag" blue><summary> 点击查看实例 </summary>
              <div class='content'>
              <figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* 定义回调函数 */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">void</span> <span class="title function_">printfTest</span><span class="params">()</span> </span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">printf</span>(<span class="string">&quot;Hello World!\n&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* 定义实现回调函数的&quot;调用函数&quot; */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">void</span> <span class="title function_">callPrintfTest</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">void</span> (*callFunc)())</span></span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    callFunc();</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* 实现函数回调 */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title function_">main</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">int</span> argc,<span class="type">char</span>* argv[])</span></span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    callPrintfTest(PrintfTest);</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
              </div>
            </details>

<h1 id="4-自定义回调函数"><a href="#4-自定义回调函数" class="headerlink" title="4.自定义回调函数"></a><font size=3>4.自定义回调函数</font></h1><p>上边我们已经了解过回调函数的实现机制，下边就来看一看怎么自定义一个回调函数吧。</p>
<details class="folding-tag" blue><summary> 点击查看实例 </summary>
              <div class='content'>
              <figure class="highlight c"><figcaption><span>test.c</span></figcaption><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">&lt;stdio.h&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title function_">func1</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">char</span> *p)</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title function_">callFunc1</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">int</span> (*callFuncBack)(<span class="type">char</span> *p), <span class="type">char</span> *p)</span>;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title function_">main</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">int</span> arc, <span class="type">char</span> *argv[])</span></span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="type">char</span> *p = <span class="string">&quot;fanhua!&quot;</span>;</span><br><span class="line">	callFunc1(func1, p);</span><br><span class="line">	</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/**</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * @Function: func1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * @Description: 回调函数</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * @param p : 传入给回调函数的参数</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * @return  : 0</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title function_">func1</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">char</span> *p)</span></span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="built_in">printf</span>(<span class="string">&quot;This is func1! p = %s\n&quot;</span>, p);</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/**</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * @Function: callFunc1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * @Description: 调用回调函数的函数</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * @param callFuncBack : 回调函数的名称</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * @param p : 传入给回调函数的参数</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * @return  : 0</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title function_">callFunc1</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">int</span> (*callFuncBack)(<span class="type">char</span> *p), <span class="type">char</span> *p)</span></span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="built_in">printf</span>(<span class="string">&quot;This is callFunc1! p = %s\n&quot;</span>, p);</span><br><span class="line">	callFuncBack(p);</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><p>在终端执行以下命令编译程序：</p><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">gcc test.c -Wall # 生成可执行文件 a.out </span><br><span class="line">./a.out # 执行可执行程序</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><p>然后，终端会有以下信息显示：</p><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">This is callFunc1! p = fanhua!</span><br><span class="line">This is func1! p = fanhua!</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
              </div>
            </details>

<p>关于 int (*callFuncBack)(char *p) 的解释，前边函数一节的笔记分析的很详细了，若是借 typedef 来帮个忙，将函数中的函数指针定义成一个类型的话，后边可能会更加方便些：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="title function_">int</span> <span class="params">(*callFuncBack)</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">char</span> *p)</span>;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>如此，上边用于调用回调函数的函数声明就可以修改为下边这样：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title function_">callFunc1</span><span class="params">(callFuncBack pCallFuncBack, <span class="type">char</span> *p)</span>;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<details class="folding-tag" blue><summary> 点击查看修改后实例 </summary>
              <div class='content'>
              <figure class="highlight c"><figcaption><span>test.c</span></figcaption><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">&lt;stdio.h&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="title function_">int</span> <span class="params">(*callFuncBack)</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">char</span> *p)</span>;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title function_">func1</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">char</span> *p)</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title function_">callFunc1</span><span class="params">(callFuncBack pCallFuncBack, <span class="type">char</span> *p)</span>;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title function_">main</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">int</span> arc, <span class="type">char</span> *argv[])</span></span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="type">char</span> *p = <span class="string">&quot;fanhua!&quot;</span>;</span><br><span class="line">	callFunc1(func1, p);</span><br><span class="line">	</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/**</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * @Function: func1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * @Description: 回调函数</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * @param p : 传入给回调函数的参数</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * @return  : 0</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title function_">func1</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">char</span> *p)</span></span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="built_in">printf</span>(<span class="string">&quot;This is func1! p = %s\n&quot;</span>, p);</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/**</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * @Function: callFunc1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * @Description: 调用回调函数的函数</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * @param pCallFuncBack : 回调函数的名称</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * @param p : 传入给回调函数的参数</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * @return  : 0</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="title function_">callFunc1</span><span class="params">(callFuncBack pCallFuncBack, <span class="type">char</span> *p)</span></span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="built_in">printf</span>(<span class="string">&quot;This is callFunc1! p = %s\n&quot;</span>, p);</span><br><span class="line">	pCallFuncBack(p);</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><p>在终端执行以下命令编译程序：</p><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">gcc test.c -Wall # 生成可执行文件 a.out </span><br><span class="line">./a.out # 执行可执行程序</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><p>然后，终端会有以下信息显示：</p><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">This is callFunc1! p = fanhua!</span><br><span class="line">This is func1! p = fanhua!</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
              </div>
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    <p><span>文章标题:</span><a href="/post/57f01d0a.html">LV01-09-C语言-回调函数</a></p>
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